Josquin Desprez free essay sample

Throughout the entire existence of Western music Josquin Desprez got one of the most persuasive writers. Very little was thought about this incredible composer’s time on earth. A ton of what individuals think about his life is communicated through his music. Josquin’s assessed date of birth is supposed to be 1440. Late exploration shows that his introduction to the world date could have been later at some point in the 1450’s. Before he kicked the bucket in 1521 Desprez had a gigantic effect on the music during the Renaissance. A long time after Josquin Desprez’s demise, his music was disseminated all through Europe and Germany. A statement from Todd M. McComb, who composed a discography about Desprez, encourages one to comprehend why his music turned out to be so well known and it says, â€Å"The clear surfaces and text declamation which Josquin utilized set the stage not just for the following advancements of specialized concordance, yet for the clearness and compactness requested by the Counter-Reformation of Palestrina et al. We will compose a custom article test on Josquin Desprez or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page also. Josquins yield shows an uncommon mix of advancement and achieved specialized authority, and has held for him a situation as the most noticeable writer of the mid sixteenth century, maybe the high purpose of Western music in general. † This essentially implied his music was presented unmistakably and succinctly. He was doing things that no other author had done to music. He additionally improved the methods other author had been utilizing for quite a long time. This announcement by McCobb summarizes the reasons Desprez was respected such a great amount for his music. His style permitted him to create over a hundred motets and numerous different works while he was alive. Polyphonic impersonation was a typical strategy in motets. Polyphonic impersonation is the place one melodic line shares or copies a similar melodic subject as the procedure line. One tune by Desprez, named Ave Maria-Virgo Serena, utilizes polyphonic impersonation all through the piece. This piece depicts his work the best. One stated, â€Å"With his exacting canonic opening and ensuing auxiliary interplay,† this melody is an ideal case of his style. The tunes importance originates from when the holy messenger Gabriel enlightened Mary regarding Jesus’ birth. Hail thou that workmanship profoundly preferred, the Lord is with thee: favored craftsmanship thou among ladies. (Luke 1:28) is a sacred text from the book of scriptures that is cited in the tune. Hundreds of years after the fact the melody is still well known. Since Desprez, numerous arrangers have revamped the melody Ave Maria. I have heard the tune played in theater, at weddings, church, and now for a music task. Out of the considerable number of interpretations of Ave Maria the form by Beyonce Knowles has made this melody one of my main tunes. Since I have heard Josquins unique form I see that Beyonce was not even close to near taking after this tune. The most significant part of the melody is the impersonation of the soprano voice to alto to tenor then bass and her interpretation was progressively similar to a solo with an alternate importance. Through his music Josquin Desprez affected numerous authors of his time he despite everything keeps on impacting writers of current occasions. To a few, Desprez is as yet noted as the best writer of Western music and furthermore an innovator in Renaissance music. Josquin Desprez brought to the table polyphonic impersonations which are as yet utilized today in melody. Today Desprez’s work that happened hundreds of years back are as yet the impact for some craftsman today.

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Jessica's paper work in progress (Into) Some agony can't generally be seen, imagine a scenario in which a patient gripes of sharp excruciating feelings and depicts it as being stung by a thousand honey bees at the same time, and simultaneously feels like their foot is ablaze. Possibly the foot is swollen or stained. Torment isn't generally visable. Sounds like great nerve agony and we would be sypathic and recommend torment control prescriptions. Okay be less thoughtful and reluctant to give torment meds on the off chance that you realized this patient had a background marked by substance misuse? Its opportunity to break the shame that patients with a background marked by substance misuse will manhandle perscription narcotics for torment control or are Dr. shopping. All patients ought to be dealt with equaly and have the oppertunity to carry on with an agony free life. Regularly nurture are on the bleeding edges helping these patients oversee torment. This paper will show that non Judgmental perspectives along with critical thinking approaches and routine medication screenings a patient with earlier maltreatment can be treated for incessant agony effectively. (Significance and materialness) Most patients do accept their meds as coordinated, yet there has been more consideration in the media of the maltreatment of perscription drugs. This is in part of the maturing populace and narcotics being broadly acknowledged and utilized all the more regularly nowadays for the incessant non malignant growth torment paitent (1pg1) In spite of the fact that Studies show that the rate maltreatment of narcotic patients with constant torment is just 3% to 17% which is genuinely low contrasted with the populace. (Art1 pg32) The explanation some paitents misuse narcotics or go to the unlawful utilization of road drugs is t... ... carefulness in observing and may should be treated for narcotic maltreatment and additionally pshycatric help. (End) As narcotics are getting progressively worthy as an on going treatment for incessant torment patients, the dangers additionally ascends for maltreatment of professionally prescribed medications. Hence it's not just simply constrained to those patients with substance misuse issues, yet in addition to patients without earlier maltreatment accounts. A malignant growth persistent who has no earlier substance misuse history ought not be dealt with any more humanly or indicated more empathy then a disease understanding with an earlier substance misuse issue. It's critical to accomplish a restorative offset with all patients and extraordinarily the individuals who live with ceaseless agony. With all the promptly accessible examinations, tests and evaluations nobody ought to need to carry on with a half existence with incessant torment Regardless of their history.

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Richard Honack, Northwesterns Kellogg School of Management

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Richard Honack, Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school to attend, but the educational experience itself is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on Richard Honack from Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management. Richard Honack (“Service Marketing and Management,” “Sports Marketing and Management”) is known for integrating alumni and speakers into his popular “Service Marketing and Management” class, which focuses on how one can deliver excellent customer service. Students with whom we spoke raved about the class’s practicality and about the way Honack unifies theory and real-world application. Further, students reported that they appreciate Honack’s warm personality; one told mbaMission that Honack is “interested in each student’s life,” adding, “He wanted to know what your goals were and what students wanted to get out of his class. He made connections for students and wanted to enrich their overall experience at Kellogg.” For more information about Kellogg and 13 other top-ranked business schools, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Northwestern University (Kellogg) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Richard Honack, Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school to attend, but the educational experience is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on Richard Honack  from the Kellogg School of Management at  Northwestern University. Richard Honack (“Service Marketing and Management” and “Sports Marketing and Management”) is known for integrating alumni and speakers into his popular “Service Marketing and Management” class, which focuses on how one can deliver excellent customer service. Students we interviewed raved about the class’s practicality and about the way Honack unifies theory and real-world application. Further, students reported that they appreciate Honack’s warm personality. One second year told mbaMission that Honack is “interested in each student’s life,” adding, “He wanted to know what your goals were and what students wanted to get out of his class. He made connections for students and wanted to enrich their overall experience at Kellogg.” Students chose Honack as one of five recipients of the school’s Faculty Impact Award in June 2010. For more information about Kellogg and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Northwestern University (Kellogg) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Richard Honack, Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school to attend, but the educational experience is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on Richard Honack  from the Kellogg School of Management at  Northwestern University. Richard Honack (“Service Marketing and Management” and “Sports Marketing and Management”)  is known for integrating alumni and speakers into his popular “Service Marketing and Management” class, which focuses on how to deliver excellent customer service. Students we interviewed raved about the class’s practicality and about the way Honack unifies theory and real-world application. Further, students reported that they appreciate Honack’s warm personality. One second year told us that Honack is “interested in each student’s life,” adding, “He wanted to know what your goals were and what students wanted to get out of his class. He made connections for students and wanted to enrich their overall experience at Kellogg.” Students chose Honack as one of five recipients of the school’s Faculty Impact Award in June 2010. For more information about Kellogg and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Northwestern University (Kellogg) Professor Profiles

The Differences Between The Civilizations And River Valley...

1. The civilizations in river valleys both had communities that were forced to work together due to the lack of agricultural resources. They each had to focus on maintaining canals, dikes, weirs, and other structures related to the valleys. Floods were constantly a threat, and so each civilization had a different view on nature’s aspects. Mesopotamians tried their best to please the kings and queens of nature, while Egyptians trusted supernatural powers. The difference in religious thoughts led to contrasting attitudes towards life after death and therefore burials. Egyptians displayed the majority of their wealth on their tombstones. Rulers of Egypt had several rooms dedicated to their passing, so as to provide a better afterlife. Mesopotamians built new cities, walls, palaces, and religious buildings, as final exhibitions of their existence. River valley civilizations had different opinions on the role of women. Mesopotamians women in the second millennium had little freedom , but Egyptians women had a high level of respect, as referred to in poems and books. 2. Chinese practice found technological advances to be a huge success when it came to growth of the country. Legendary rulers of china were the ones credited with the development of large technologies. One example includes the introduction of bronze tools. They were used to clear forest and harvest agricultural products. About a thousand years later, iron was invented. Iron proved to be a better form of metal to workShow MoreRelatedComparing The River Valley Civilizations1509 Words   |  7 PagesComparing and Contrasting River Valley Civilizations In the following treatise, the research that will be presented will provide criteria involving similarities and differences in three attributes of life in the four primary river valley civilizations. The river valley civilizations are composed of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. While each of these civilizations is unique in their habits and traditions, they share many similar qualities. For this work to be as comprehensive asRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Ancient Civilizations1403 Words   |  6 Pages Although the Mesopotamia civilization was thought to be located in between the Tigris and Euphrates river , which is now west of Iraq , and the Indus Valley civilization was thought to be located near the Indus Valley , now New Delhi , India , these two civilizations have many similarities and also many differences . These specific similarities and differences range from location , religion , way of life , types of governments , political structures , social structures , intuitions and many moreRead MoreThe Mesopotamia And The Nile River Valley1596 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Nile River Valley. These two civilizations are two of the most favorable ancient civilizations. 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They contributed their own ideas and accomplishments in the areas of religion, science, and mathematicsRead MoreThe Rise Of Civilizations On Egypt And Mesopotamia1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe rise of civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia occurred around the same time and the environment and natural forces affected the similarities and differences in social, political, and economic stability. There were many similarities and differences between both of these countries as well. In both cases, it was the river valley and geography that affected the agriculture, religious views, and government structures. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civil ization developed in the Middle East and wereRead MoreMesopotamia vs. Indus River Valley Essay707 Words   |  3 Pages Indus River Valley 9/26/12 Ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley civilization were two incredibly productive and successful empires. While Mesopotamian politics were slightly less focused on religion and more on other aspects, the two societies shared many social characteristics. They both had defined social hierarchies, as well as similar views on gender roles. These traits are helpful in explaining the similarities and differences between the twoRead MoreEarly Agricultural Societies, And River Valley Civilizations952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ideas to fit them further. Societies have began as simple as hunters and gatherers, and eventually the region may develop into a full blown civilization. Early agricultural societies, fully developed agricultural societies, and river valley civilizations are a few of the basic forms of society. While they may sound incredibly similar, there are differences. And even though societies are of the same type, it does not mean they are the same in every aspect. Early agricultural societies date as farRead MoreMesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus Valley Essay813 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing the first civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. They had many similarities, such as characteristics of early civilizations and social structures, but they also had their differences. The most embossed differences included the divergent geography, prior belief, trade, relations with other civilizations, and politics. The earliest societies, such as Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt exhibiting indicator traits of civilization developed along the floodplains of great rivers, the Tigris andRead More Seeds of Trees Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pages According to the encyclopedia Encarta, a civilization is an advanced state of a society possessing historical and cultural unity. There are four early river valley societies that had successfully met the requirements to be called civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India. These four civilizations encompass several similarities as to how they developed, including location, spirituality, governmental structure and forms of written communication. Location played a fundamental role in theRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Civilizations, Mesopotamia And Ancient China868 Words   |  4 PagesMany of the early world civilizations had similar experiences when evolving to become the influential societies that affected other societies. They were called the first civilizations because they were able to form the first functional communities, successful systems of organized laws over people, the distinction of social classes, economic income, and development of arts and educations. Two of histories well-known civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient China had similar experiences in the beginnings

The Conjugation of the Verb Pouvoir

The Big Uneasy By Harry Shearer - 1097 Words

â€Å"The Big Uneasy† by Harry Shearer is a documentary about the disastrous flooding of New Orleans during the Hurricane Katrina in a different viewpoint. While mass media describe the flood as well as the hurricane as a natural disaster, Shearer claims that the flooding was actually a man-made disaster, not a natural one; and the film contains comprehensive investigations with scientific data to support the claim. â€Å"The Big Uneasy† highlights on the ineffective design and maintenance of the flood-protection system, as well as the engineering structure of the Mississippi River’s waterway in the city. Severe environmental damages due to poor infrastructural planning also ruin the natural flood barrier of the region. Furthermore, these problems†¦show more content†¦Go†. Mr. Go is a 76-mile canal that was constructed in 1968. The Corps stated that this canal could reduce the time and distance needed for ships to travel from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans. Before â€Å"Mr. Go† was built, the Corps claimed that the canal would help the city develop and make profits. However, a statistic shows that only an average of ten seagoing vessels goes through the canal every year. Moreover, the vessels carry most basic goods such as toilet papers. This waterway does not only have no economic benefits, it was also a path that allows the water from the Gulf of Mexico to directly enter New Orleans, which collided with the Industrial Canal during the hurricane. This collision created an approximately of the 800-foot breaching, which let the flood enter the region. As the result, 80 percent of New Orleans was under the water. The Corps’s poor planning left the population of New Orleans in a vulnerable situation during the Katrina. Nevertheless, New Orleans faced another problem that not only had worsen Katrina’s impacts, but also forced many New Orleans’s residents to leave the land. The Corps’s effort to â€Å"dry† New Orleans has ruined the natural flood barrier of the region. The Corps built pumping systems and canals to bring water out of the levees so that the city is protected fromShow MoreRelatedThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesseparately. Although this gave the makers of films, such as directors and producers, room to express their creativity it placed a heavy constraint upon the amount of movies that could be made, and financial profits. However, despite Hollywood’s uneasy birth, by the 1920s it had become one of the worlds leading film producers (Dirks, 2002). This was largely due to the introduction of the producer, or studio syste Cinema is a collaborative art so it is difficult to determine the Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesmarginal for agricultural use were now utilized to produce bananas and coffee. As a result, the peasantry that had emerged after emancipation became increasingly landless and â€Å"agroproletariat,†1 having to sell their labor for the meager wages offered by big estates (mostly sugar and banana farms). Furthermore, the expulsion of squatters from government lands in the rural areas led to an urban explosion as many moved to the city in search of work. As usual, urbanization was accompanied by massive levels

Critical Practice in Health and Social Care

Questions: Critically discuss the factors that promote or hinder partnership working 20%. Discuss and evaluate the central concepts of partnership apply to practice context 25%. Evaluate how different professional codes and organisational frameworks impact on partnership when working with users and carers . Answers: Introduction The purpose of this report is to define partnership working but at the same, it critically evaluate those points that hinders and evaluate partnership working. Partnership can be defined as a relationship that is there between the individuals and the groups and the partnership always develop on the mutual relationship that exists between the individuals and the groups. The term partnership was always there but in the business organization, it found its place in the business law where, partnership is being referred to the contractual relationship that is there between two organizations and where both the organizations enjoy the profit and at the same time they also share the loss that a business face at times. Therefore, it can be said that the concept of partnership, is nothing or simply a fair division of profit and loss that is being shared by the organization (Brechin, 2000). The term partnership has a relationship with the health improvements but in general the definition of part nership is a very vague definition and the model of partnership too, is a vague one. The lack of definition and a model of partnership allow more than one interpretation of the term and therefore in practice different people are interpreting it in various different ways. Therefore, either judging or monitoring the partnership policy becomes impossibility in practice. The report here shows the disparity that is there between the theory and practice, and the policies that are related to it; with respect to the problem faced by an organization. Partnership, theory is being adopted by many organizations because it is beneficial in many different ways. If one goes by the definition of partnership, then by definition, partnership is something where the organization work for a common goal and they share their benefits (Cameron, et al. 2012). Along with sharing the benefits, the organizations also share the risk that is faced. The companies also share the resources and the power, when they become partners. The, companies could come into a partnership relationship either through verbal agreements or through written agreements. The word collaborate or the word collaboration is the very common word in the partnership literature as well as in the partnership research (Ross, King, Firth, 2005). The word partnership is an umbrella word, which covers various and multipurpose concepts that is widely different from each other. The word actually defines different kinds of relationship that is exists in the myriad circumstances. Partnership working during the 1980s and 90s is defined as a canonical word, which means working in a cooperation that is utterly formalized. Along with the utterly formalize co-operations, there are at times, legal bindings and arrangements (Thompson, 2009). If the presences of legal bindings or arrangements are not there then there is an informal understanding, which helps in laying the relationship between two organizations or between two companies. The agreement that is there between the two companies includes certain policies, which state that the companies, agrees not only on the program objectives but at the same time they also agrees for sharing the risks, and resources as well as the power. The agreement policy also states that the company should share all these things as well as their benefits for a specific period (Tait Shah, 2007). The partnership definition can be divided and interpreted in many points and sub points and among all those many points and sub points one of the most important is the public-private partnership. The private-public partnership, allows the action of the actors to contribute to the development of the economy of the urban population and it helps in improving the quality of life of the people in that urban economy (Gannon-Leary, Fontainha Bent, 2011). Other critics believe that partnership working is actually nothing but a mobilization of a strategy, for which the collaborators have agreed upon the strategy, because of which there is a regeneration o ideas for a definite area. The partnership working, according to these particular critics is there because there is a mobilization of interest. Organization could distinguish between partnership working at different levels and among those different levels, there is the strategic level, and this level is known as the project level. There is also the geographical level, which includes the regional level as well as the local levels. The theoretical and the ideal form of partnership could be divided into three parts and among those three parts; one of the most important is the facilitating partnership, where the strategic policy issues that are long standing are managed. The second most important part is the coordinating partnership; in here, importance is given to the management and the policies that are being implemented (Quinney, Hafford-Letchfield, 2012). The policies here are based on those priorities that are broadly agreed. The third most important type or kind of partnership that is being ideally defined is known as the implementing partnership. The particular kind of partnership is a kind of pragmatic partnership and i t is mainly concerned with mainly those projects that are mutually beneficial and at the same time that, which is also specific (Harrison, et al. 2013) Although many scholars and many critics have come up with different kinds of theory and definition of partnership or rather partnership working in the organization but all those definitions have turned out to be vague one. In countries like United Kingdom, the definition of partnership or government partnership has been made even more complicated with the interference of the government interpretation. According to the government of these countries, partnership is such a relationship or a program where the collaborators are in relationship to have an allocation of resources that will contribute to the services for the welfare and the development of the society (Laming, 2003). Although, if one goes by the theory then one will not have a definite definition or the theory of partnership approaches or the partnership working, yet the companies are adopting this approach or this partnership working strategy because it is beneficial to the organizations in various other ways. Therefore, in practice the partnership working benefits the organization, and therefore, even if there is a lack of a definite model or a lack of theory it is being widely accepted by the organizations (Hudson, et al. 2015). The Reason Behind Working in Partnership The organizations adopt the partnership working in practice because there are many benefits that are associated with partnership workings. In practice, most of the time the organizations adopts the strategy of partnership working or rather most of the time the organization go for the collaboration because of their own self interest and to meet their own self interest. The self-interest of the organizations going for collaboration or for a partnership working may differ from the point view of the stakeholders of the organization. One of the main reasons why organizations go for partnership working is motivation and it is because of this motivation the organization share their profit and risk and their resources as well as power. Although, motivation act as one of the main agents of partnership working, one should or rather the organizations should also remember that, if there is a lack of motivation from the part of the organizations, who is forming a partnership or collaboration, the n the partnership working between the organizations may fail as well. The organizations who come into collaboration or who form a partnership are at the advantageous stage because they benefit a lot from the partnership working. The partnership working allows them to have an increased allocation of resources, additional resources also benefits those organizations who work in partnership with other organizations. Organizational partnership definitely means that it will give the organizations a competitive advantage but then before taking the decisions of the organizational partnership the organizations have to keep certain things in their mind. Among those certain things that the organizations have to keep in their mind, one of the most important thing is the framework of the organizations and other than the framework of the organizations, the identity of the organization is also a matter of concern for the organizations. Along with it the other things that are matter of concern for the organization includes, the mutuality that is there as well (Littlechild Smith, 2013). The government intervention as well as the interpretation of the definition of partnership working is there so that the organization could contribute to the urban economic development and so that the organization could contribute to the society as well. Although, in practice, most of the organization, work for those benefits that they will gather from the market forces; and it rarely concerns the societal problem that are there (Hann Peckham, 2010). The companies relying more on the market forces and less on the government interpretation, is not only the fault of the companies or the organizations but here the government and their policies are questionable and at times, they are more responsible for the failure than the policies of the companies that are there. The political failure or the failure of the government is there because the governments opt for the subsidiary and for privatization as well, to meet the unit of social life of the individual (Miller Cameron, 2011). Thus, in the higher level of intervention, where the capacity is lacking the government policies and the government decisions, are being proved as a failure for the partnership working of the organisation. Therefore, in practice the private-public sector faces a set back because they could not adhere to the needs of the clients, because both these sector could not be compatible to each other. Therefore, because they could not become compatible to each other they could not provide comprehensive solution to the clients as well. Many sectors have gone through changes, and like, many other sectors, the marketplace of the healthcare sectors, too have changed a lot and it has therefore, given rise to the need of the demand of the partnership working. The healthcare sector has gone through changes in the past decade because of the health care reforms that were there in the past decades and the healthcare reform proved as failure for the society and for the economy of the society. The result of these failed healthcare reforms, was that there were increased in the cost of healthcare resources and along with the increase in the cost of healthcare resources there is also a crisis in the health care sector. The crisis in the healthcare sector is there because of the public and the business perception, which are either uninsured or underinsured and at the same time enforced. Therefore, the crisis in the healthcare sector therefore demanded for a solution and as because the rhetoric of partnership working is a good one therefore, partnership working has been adopted as the solution of this problem. Theoretically, the organizational model allows the companies or the organizations to come in a collaborative relationship with the help of the motivation. Although, in practice, the motivation, even though allow for a collaboration, but then when the organization go through problems after collaboration motivation is of not much use. There are the presences of some fundamental policies related to partnership working that will help in the improvement of the local agencies and contribute to the development of the community. The policies include: According to 2009, Health Act budget would be shared between the local and the health authorities (Glendinning, Powell, Rummery, 2002). According to Glasby and Peck (2003) the implementation of the care trust, represents a model where there is a full merging of the health and the social care in United Kingdom. The partnership working has moved beyond health and social care branches, and this could be understood easily with the creation of the children care branches. The particular policy reflects the fact that there has been an encouragement over common assessment of framework and sharing information, for children (Laming, 2003). The particular fact is a truth even for the professional coordinator, and at the same time, it is helpful for different professional, working in different co-location, who is working with children (Glasby Peck, 2003). The particular policies have been turned to be useful for both the support service users and the carers at the same time. The successful partnership working depends on the partnership model and policies that are being adopted by the companies and the management. The organizational policy should bring in a change in the organizational structure and accordingly the companies should adopt a collaborative strategy, which will help the organization to work in partnership (Glendinning, Powell Rummery 2002). The structural change in the organization, which depends on the policy of the organization, includes such a structure where the partners enjoy both the social as well as the political acceptance. Polices of the organizations should be such that the partners agrees to accept their responsibilities and accordingly they should accept both the political responsibilities and the practicalities as well (Glendinning Powell Rummery 2002). The organizations, who are entering into collaboration, should consider the open partnership-working model as an important part of their policy and this will bring in improvement in the partnership working of the organization. According to the model there is a sub system or rather there is an interacting element, which is there in a set, and the sub system or the interacting elements form a whole, which is an integrated part. The integrated whole, is also a part of the larger system that is there. Open system partnership theory or policy is generally applicable to all the organizations that are there in the market force and therefore for the market of the healthcare sector the model or the philosophy is the most applicable one. The particular policy or theory of open system partnership allow the partnership theory or rather the framework of partnership study to be a part of the social system that has an interaction, not only with the other sub system but at the same time it also has an interaction with the environment as well. Therefore, while describing open system theory it can be said that it is, a coalition or rather collaboration between the shifting interest groups. The coalition between the interest group is there because it is largely influenced by the environmental factors and because of those goals that were developed depending on the structure, outcomes as well as on the activities of the organization. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the partnership working is a very complex theory and the implementation of the partnership working is a very complicated thing. Although there are lots of theory, which could help the organization in adopting the theory of partnership working, but then there is a gap between the theory and the practice. The gap is created not only because of the private organizations that are there in the market force, but also because of the policies and the actions of the government, or because of the actions of the politics. It should also be remembered that in practice there is the emergence of the partnership working because of the health care market force, the health care reforms probed to be a failure and thus there is a demand for the public and the private sector organization. The demand leads to the formation of the partnership working and today though it is facing many problems, it could be easily solved with the adoption of the perfect policy of partner ship working. There are many policies but depending on the structure of the organizations, the perfect policy had to be adopted. References: Brechin, A. (2000). Introducing critical practice.Critical practice in health and social care, 25-47. Cameron, A., Lart, R., Bostock, L., Coomber, C. (2012). Factors that promote and hinder joint and integrated working between health and social care services.SCIE Res Briefing,41, 24-24. Gannon-Leary, P., Fontainha, E., Bent, M. (2011). The loneliness of the long distance researcher.Library Hi Tech,29(3), 455-469. Glasby, J. Peck, E. (2003).Care Trusts.Google Books. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from Glendinning, C., Powell, M. A., Rummery, K. (2002).Partnerships, New Labour and the governance of welfare. Associated University Presse. Hann, A., Peckham, S. (2010). Most vaccination programmes are concerned with reducing the prevalence and incidence of a particular infectious disease, such asTB or smallpox. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, however, is a vaccine that is designed to prevent the development of cervical cancer by protecting the individual against infection by HPV. This chapter examines the evidence base for the policy of a HPV vaccination programme, and suggests that the way in which this information is communicated to the public is loaded and ....Public Health Ethics and Practice, 155. Harrison, S. L., Apps, L., Singh, S., Steiner, M. C., Morgan, M. D., Robertson, N. (2013). Consumed by breathing-A critical interpretive meta-synthesis of the qualitative literature.Chronic illness, 1742395313493122. Hudson, T., Knowles, J., Price, K., Tomlinson, J., Ainsworth, K. (2015). Junior KICk-OFF-teaching and health care profession working in partnership to develop diabetes education. Laming, H. (2003). The Victoria Climbi Inquiry. Littlechild, B., Smith, R. (2013).A handbook for interprofessional practice in the human services: learning to work together. Routledge. Miller, E., Cameron, K. (2011). Challenges and benefits in implementing shared inter-agency assessment across the UK: A literature review.Journal of interprofessional care,25(1), 39-45. Quinney, A., Hafford-Letchfield, T. (2012).Interprofessional Social Work:: Effective Collaborative Approaches. Learning Matters. Ross, A., King, N., Firth, J. (2005). Interprofessional relationships and collaborative working: encouraging reflective practice.Online Journal of issues in Nursing,10(1). Tait, L., Shah, S. (2007). Partnership working: a policy with promise for mental healthcare.Advances in Psychiatric Treatment,13(4), 261-271. Thompson, N. (2009).Practising social work: meeting the professional challenge. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kekes and Schwitzgebel on Evil

Introduction There are various definitions and conceptions of evil as brought out by Kekes and Schwitzgebel. One of the conceptions brought out in Kekes’ aork is the notion that any ideology that has an external affiliation, such as religion, is justifiable and can therefore not be considered as evil (12).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kekes and Schwitzgebel on Evil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Crusade In the example of the crusade, the main objective of the pope and other Christians is alleged to be eliminating the Cathers and the perfects. The Cathers are considered as dissent and despite the fact that they neither cause physical harm nor engage in any sinful act, they are still detested on the grounds that they make cruel utterances against Christianity. Based on the definition by Aquinas, which claims that such people deserve death, the Christians overlook the actual definition of evil and ironic ally engage in evil acts by persecuting the Cathers (Kekes 11). The concept that is presented by Kekes based on the crusade is that rationalism is influenced not by reason, but by ignorance and emotional drive. The pope and other Christian leaders take advantage of the emotional weakness of the Cathers to justify their extermination. Evil is therefore brought out as a misinterpretation of acts and is not founded on any moral, ethical, or logical grounds. The irony seen in this crusade is that the Cathers are attacked for a having a different interpretation of evil, with the attackers justifying all the grotesque acts perpetrated against them. When taken as a retaliation that safeguards the interest of a few people, any act, whether heinous or not, cannot be interpreted as evil. The pope takes advantage of his leadership position to corrupt the minds of people and to encourage them to work against the Cathers. French Revolution In the example of the French Revolution, evil is interpr eted as a word that is derived from reason (Kekes 29). In this revolution, the people find it worth to â€Å"clean† the country of all corrupt people with an aim of gaining political and economic freedom. To achieve this, any individual found involving in any corrupt or politically inappropriate deals is excommunicated through the most grotesque means. Evil is associated with corruption and it deviates from the changes that Robespierre talks about. All the individuals are expected to see the logic behind eliminating some few persons so that the country can remain free of any political anomalies.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Robespierre makes use of reason to corrupt the minds of the citizens on the true definition of evil. He declares that the persons who are opposed to the political revolution are evil and have to be persecuted. However, the acts that are perpetrated by Ro bespierre and his followers can ironically be interpreted as evil. The persecution processes are grotesque, given that they advocate for heinous acts against individuals considered as guilty, saying that they should be amputated, drowned while naked and sent to the gallows to the delight of the masses. Schwitzgebel’s Interpretation If Schwitzgebel was to address the same issues, there would be a different interpretation of evil. Schwitzgebel considers all rational acts are influenced by education and training (IDEA CETL 1). He believes that for rationalism to be achieved, all acts have to be analyzed based on reason and training. Individuals have to reason based on the right perspectives and if the resolutions made are rational, the act they do can be justified. Schwitzgebel would therefore approach the crusade based on the moral and ethical interpretations involved, and not faith or religious beliefs. On the idea of revolution, Schwitzgebel would address the issue based on t he rationality and the reason behind the exterminations. Based on the factual ideas presented by either group, the argument would probably be based on whether the acts are rational or not, and the inspiration behind such acts (IDEA CETL 1). However, the two interpretations are important in understanding evil based on reason, emotions and external affiliations such as religion and political parties. Works Cited IDEA CETL. â€Å"Thinking about how to think.† IDEACETL.com. University of Leeds., 2009. Web. Kekes, John. The Roots of Evil. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kekes and Schwitzgebel on Evil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Kekes and Schwitzgebel on Evil was written and submitted by user Tripp Hodges to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Two commandments in French

Two commandments in French The French have two commandments that set them apart from other people. First of all, they believe that too much work is unhealthy, and second of all, they regard food as an important aspect of life. They believe that they work to live unlike other people who believe that they live to work. They take long weekends and have many holidays that keep them out of offices.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Two commandments in French specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many fulltime employees get more than 37 holiday days every year. They work for 35 hours a week, being a reduction from 39 hours since the year 2000. The government has requested employers to increase their working hours. What is more, state workers spend a lot of time doing things that are not connected with the work itself because government agencies and corporations do not have strict work regulations and policies. In addition, they argue that they do not wor k a lot because they earn peanuts for their great efforts at work. Despite few working hours, the French achieve their goals because families usually work on various projects simultaneously. The French do not set many targets at work because they are certain of their failure. Their meetings do not give results because of poor communication between members of the group or a team. On the other hand, they go on strikes to get conditions or privileges they want at their work. Dialogues are rarely sued to solve problems.  The French have another commandment that makes food an important aspect of their culture. They have preserved many stone-age culinary recipes. However, their recipes receive numerous criticisms for lack of hygiene. French people believe that bacteria should be allowed to breed and multiply, thus exposing food to microorganisms. They do not practice hygiene when preparing, transporting, or preserving food in restaurants. Even though they treasure food, they ignore the importance of maintaining hygiene. For example, they do not clean utensils properly after and before their use. The French love to eat raw food especially fruits. Their culinary preferences are unique because while other countries have celebrity chefs, France has celebrity food. The French also love junk food, however, research has shown that they are less fat than people from other countries are. They accuse Britons of consuming overcooked and boiled food, which they accompany with beer after meals. Despite criticism, they love several British meals such as cakes and biscuits. Britons spend a lot of money on staff and the dà ©cor of their restaurants and little money on food.Advertising Looking for article on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the French hate American food because they consider it to be junk. The French love alcohol. At the same time, they adopt a different from En glish people drinking style which often exposes them to numerous road accidents. They have developed several rules and rituals that are associated with food. It is a requisite for the French to follow these rules and observe the rituals.

Forms of Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Forms of Business Organizations - Essay Example These characteristics of the sole proprietorship distinguish it from a corporation and a limited liability company. A sole proprietor, for example, owns and manages a sole proprietorship, a feature that is different from observations in corporations and limited liability companies. More than one person, for example, owns a corporation or a limited liability company. These owners are called shareholders while the owner of a sole proprietorship is called the sole proprietor. Board of directors who are distinct from the businesses’ owners manages corporations while limited liability companies’ management is flexible. Another difference between the three forms of businesses is the owners’ liability over the organizations’ debts. While a sole proprietor is liable for all of the business’ liabilities, corporations and limited liability companies’ owners have limited liabilities that are restricted to their share contributions. Another difference be tween the forms of business organizations is the legal requirements to which they are subjected. While a sole proprietorship only requires the filing of the enterprise’s name, corporation, and limited liability companies must be registered. The organizations’ tax liabilities are also treated differently. While a sole proprietorship is taxed as a natural person through the proprietor’s income, a limited liability company is taxed at the business organization’s level while a corporation’s taxation involves a double taxation in which the organization’s earnings are taxed and shareholders are taxed on their dividends. The organizations also differ in their structural requirements.  

INternational Corporate Communications in KFC Essay

INternational Corporate Communications in KFC - Essay Example Without effective communication, the business activities will become awkward and organisations will lose concentration on the operational goals. In the international corporate environment, majority of communication is external i.e. between organisation and customers, and without effective communication strategy, organisations will be unable to recognise market demand and ultimately lose effectiveness and market position (Smith & Et. Al., 1999). The paper describes the international communication strategies of KFC, which is a famous chain of fast food restaurants. The main focus of the paper is related to how KFC uses communication models, frameworks and theories in its business as well as how the company maintains its reputation and corporate ethics through proper communication media. The objective of the paper is to understand the importance and the aspects of communication in the international business environment and the way KFC has utilised those aspects in their business. Intern ational Communication Strategy International communication strategy is based on selecting the communication modes in a specific market. It is concerned about deciding communication themes in the international business environment. The choice of communication media can be achieved in terms of uniform method which indicates the application of same tool in every nation or identical selection method for selecting communication tools and media which are active in every market. Usually, an organisation requires differentiated approach as the international culture is different from nation to nation which can impact on the usage of media or availability of media (Morschett & Et. Al., 2010). The international communication strategies of KFC are targeted towards attracting the young customer segments. There are several communication tools available for an organisation in the international market such as advertising, public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing and personal selling. Adv ertising: Advertising is one of the most vital communication media used by marketers to enter in the international market. KFC has participated in several advertising cooperatives and developed advertisements for appealing customers. KFC had developed several humorous and Claymation advertisements as a means of communication. In advertisement communication, KFC uses differentiated approach by considering the culture of a country. For instance, in China, people prefer to maintain a family tradition such as admiration, care, assistance and friendship among others. Thus, the advertisements of KFC reflect the theme of common Chinese people. KFC applies localisation approach in their advertisement communication by considering the culture, values, and ethics of customers (YUM! Brands, Inc, 2010). Promotion: Promotion is the other communication media used by KFC to communicate about the products to the target customers. Promotion is the other method which can help to entice chicken lovers to the offerings of KFC. In order to attract young customer segments, KFC uses premium strategy i.e. providing gifts such as wristwatches, keychain, coffee beaker, T-Shirt, and toys. In several stores, KFC provides customers with numerous inducements to

Ethics & defined Essay Example for Free

Ethics defined Essay Ethics is commonly defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of people. Gender is the social dimension of being male or female. Most people acquired gender identity by the age of three. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities. No nation can be expected to wage war with one hand tied behind its back, but ethical issues of most profound nature are raised anytime. Once the actuality of possibility of war becomes the context within which we live, men and women are forced into set roles. Gender serves as a medium or vector for war’s presence in our innermost social settings. This essay will discuss these ethical issues in war and their link to gender. Discrimination is one of the ethical issues in war. Women have always participated to some extent in combat, but several recent wars have seen them fighting on the front lines. While the roles of female ex-combatants vary widely the women seem to share one unfortunate characteristic, limited access to benefits when peace and demobilisation come. This is also true for girls abducted for sexual services and the families of ex-combatants in the receiving community. These groups are often neglected during mobilisation and reintegration; or at best women, girls, and boys may receive equal benefits but are treated as a homogenous group which prevents specific needs being addressed. (Goldstein, 2001 pg207-212) Sexual violence especially on women especially rape has its own brand of shame to recent wars. From conflicts in Bosnia, Peru and Rwanda women have been singled out for rape, imprisonment, torture and execution. Systematic rape is often used as a weapon of ethnic cleansing. More than 20, 000 Muslim girls and women have been raped in Bosnia since fighting began in 1992. Impregnated girls have been forced to bear the enemy’s child. (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg12) Sexual violence of women erodes the fabric of community in a way that few weapons can. Rape’s damage can be devastating because of strong communal reaction to the violation and pain stamped on entire families. The harm inflicted in such cases in a woman by a rapist is an attack on her family and culture, as in many societies women are viewed as repositories of a community’s cultural and spiritual values. (UN, 2005 pg8) In addition to rape, girls and women are also subject to forced prostitution and trafficking during times of war sometimes with complicity of governments and military authorities. During World War II, women were abducted, imprisoned and forced to satisfy the sexual needs of occupying forces and many Asian women were also involved in prostitution during the Vietnam War. The trend continues in today’s conflicts. Nearly 80 percent of the 53 million people displaced by wars today are women and children. Refugee families frequently cite rape as the key factor influencing in their decision to seek refuge. (Alison, 2007pg78-83) The high risk of inflection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, accompanies all sexual violence against women and girls. The movement of refugees and marauding military units and the breakdown of health services and public education worsen the impact of diseases and chances for treatment. The exchange of sex for protection during the civil war in Uganda in the 1980’s was a contributing factor to the country’s high rate of AIDS. (UN, 2005 pg131) Women suffer a double victimisation, in that they were compelled against their will to join the armed forces and today they are victimised by society for having played a combative role in the conflict. They are treated with hostility suspicion for ‘breaching’ both gender and sex roles. These women are largely excluded from disarmament and reintegration programmes of Sierra Leones peace process which favour men and boys. This especially occurs in Sierra Leone. (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg7) Men and boys are also victims of gender based sexual violence during war. Women are raped as a way to humiliate the men they are related to, who are often forced to watch the assault. In societies where ethnicity is inherited through the male line, ‘enemy’ women are raped and forced to bear children. Sexual violation of children has devastating effects. The experience of captivity and sexual destroys a girl’s sense of home and security, of self worth and power of the possibility of safe interpersonal relationships, indeed of any future at all. Men tend to greatly underreport experiences of sexual violence. They may have doubts about their sexuality and fear infertility. (Carpenter, 2003 pg 661-694) A war is only just if it is fought for a good reason. A country that wishes to use military force must demonstrate that there is a just cause for doing so. Just war theory is the most influential perspective on ethics of war and peace. For a war to be just there must be a just cause, right intention, proper authority and public declaration, proper authority and public declaration, a last resort, probability of success, and proportionality. Pacifism is also an ethical issue in war. Pacifism rejects war in favour of peace. It is not violence in all its forms that the most challenging kind of pacifism objects to: rather is the specific kind and degree of violence that wars involves which the pacifists objects to. They object to killing in general and particular mass killing for political reasons, which is part and parcel of the war time experience. Most women are generally pacifists as compared to males. People are pacifists for one or some of these reasons: religious faith, non-religious belief in the sanctity of life and practical belief that war is wasteful and ineffective. Pacifism cannot be national policy as it only works when no one wants to attack your country or if the nation with whom you are in dispute is also committed to pacifism. Because most societies regard going to war as fulfilling a citizens’ ethical duty, they honour those who give their lives in war. If there is believe in war governed by ethics we should only honour those who give their lives in a just war and who followed the rules of war. It should be wrong to honour dead soldiers who killed the enemy or wounded or raped enemy women. (Harris and King, 1989 pg78) (Goldstein 2001) defines war as lethal inter group violence and feminism as an ideology opposing male domination and promoting gender equality. Cross cultural consistency of gender wars is pervasive and not universal. Women have fought in wars but are portrayed as exceptions to the gender rule that men are warriors. Gender exclusion from combat is by policy choice not by physical ability, women can and do fight. There is no support for arguments regarding predisposition to aggression and little support for the hypothesised link between testosterone and aggression. Gender is portrayed as a weapon to humiliate a military opponent or to discredit peace activism and political dissent from military policy. A recent example is, Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfield’s remark about â€Å"media mood swings† in regard to criticism of the war in Iraqi, a reference clearly intended to evoke the archetype of the â€Å"irrational† menstrual/menopausal women. Rape in war as well as military homophobia underlies exclusion of policies aimed at sexual minorities. Neither men nor women benefit from war at the expense of the other, both genders lose in war. Neither genetics per se, nor hormones (males or female) nor male bonding nor women’s innate pacifism explain gendered war roles. (Suzzane, 2002 Pg 407). The interdependence between war and gender is obscure. However it is clear that it is not soldiers who make war but societies that make war. War does not happen without women’s knowledge cooperation, and participation, however few or many actually take up arms and engage in battle. War is based on a dominatory approach to relationships in which the usual overriding aim is to get the better of or overcome the other who is framed as an opponent or competitor. Gender as we know it, which positions men as dominant and characterises them as aggressive and heroic, is fundamental to the culture of domination of which war is an expression. The human resources of moral sensibility and decency have been buried or seriously depleted. The impetus towards peace that is so necessary in ending of violence conflict is diminished by the discouragement of half the population from active participation. A gendered perspective of human security enables a more advanced understanding of the perspectives of those involved in conflict including victims’ perpetrators and decision makers.(Zeigler and Gilbert, 2006) References Alison, M. (2007) Wartime Sexual Violence: Women’s human rights and questions of masculinity, Review of International Studies Pg 75-90 Carpenter, R. C, â€Å"Women and Children First†: gender norms and humanitarian evacuation in the Balkans, International Organization 5, 7, 4, 2003, Pg 661-694 Cohn, C â€Å"Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defence Intellectuals, Signs, Vol. 12, No. 4 1987 Pg 687-78 NO1101 Harris, A and King, Y (eds) Rocking the ship of state: Towards a feminist peace politics, Bovider, C. O West view press 1989. Human Rights Watch (HRW) 2000: Rape as a weapon of Ethnic cleansing HRW, March 1. Jousha S. Goldstein (2001) War and Gender: How Gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge University Press Pg 201-213. Moser N, and Clark F (eds), victims, Perpetrators or Actors: Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence; London Zed Books 2001, V. 64. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s studies Gender Issues. Rosemarie Skaing (1999) Women at War: Gender issues of Americans in combat: McFarland and Company: North Carolina and London ‘Symposium on war and Gender, (2003) (Reviews of Goldstein’s Book) Perspectives on policies, 1, 2, 330-347 The state of World’s Children 1996. UNICEF United Nations (2005): Africa Renewal â€Å"Sexual Violence, an ‘invisible war crime’ Warren, J and Cady, L (1994) Feminism and Peace: Seeing connections’ Hypatia special Issue on Feminism and peace Pg 7-14. HQ1101. World Bank (2002) Addressing Gender Issues in Demobilisation and Reintegration Programs, Africa Region Working Paper Series 33 Zeigler, S and Gilbert, G (2006) The Gendered Dimensions of Conflicts Aftermath; A

The Meaning of Being American Essay -- American Citizenship Patriotism

The Meaning of Being American What does it mean to be an American? Can this statement ever really be defined since America is a melting pot of different races, religions, political views, social views and so on and so fourth. To be an American can mean virtually anything and whether or not somebody supports national symbols is just another part of being and American. As Americans we have the right to disagree with the government, the right to protest against something unjust, the right to burn a flag in disgrace because after all we have freedom of speech. To some these things are un-American, but to others they are the reasons America is such a wonderful place to live. There is no definite answer to this question, but many different possibilities. Like any other country America has national symbols such as the American Flag, the Pledge of Allegiance, and the â€Å"Start Spangled Banner.† To be an American means that you support these things to fullest extent and hold them in the highest regard. This means that When the National Anthem is played or the Pledge of Allegiance is recited, it is our duty as Americans to stand, remove our hats and cover our hearts as a sign of the utmost respect. These symbols are a sign of our heritage. They stand for what we believe in, who we are, and where we come from. We are Americans. We believe in life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. True Americans speak the national language, English, and know that America is a one of a kind country that cannot be beat. We have worked hard over the years to become the wealthiest and the most prosperous country in the entire world. As Americans we have the right to drive a Hummers, the right to live in luxurious houses, because after all we’... ...unds for music and art education, and library books for their children, by issuing the products of their kitchens: cookies, bundt cakes, lumpia, spring rolls and ribs. Watch the kindergartners dance the Hula!† America is a place where freedom of speech prospers. Some people believe that America stands for one thing while others believe it stands for completely opposite things. The first stance I wrote about it a viable stance, but it lacks one thing, freedom. To be American doesn’t mean one thing, it means that you are open to anything, no matter how outlandish it may be. America is country that was founded on freedom, happiness, and love. Over the years many of these qualities have been lost to greed, corruption, and hatred. If we ever want to return America to its former glory we must open our minds, our eyes, and our hearts to people different from us.

Daubert V. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Brandon Pond New England Institute of Technology Case Studies in Criminal Forensics CJ 372. 57 Professor Michael Pezzullo October 24, 2012 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals The 1993 Supreme Court case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, like many high-profile court cases, set a precedent for future court causes of a similar background. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals was a pharmaceutical company based out of Kansas City, Missouri which was founded in 1950.Originally named â€Å"Marion Laboratories† after its founder Ewing Marion Kauffman, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals specifically developed pharmaceuticals that had yet to be marketed by other pharmaceutical companies after being discovered and researched. As a result, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals are credited for producing several high-quality and extremely popular drugs even in modern day, including the Nicorette anti-smoking gum and Cepacol mouthwash.However, in an attempt to recei ve credit for popular and effective pharmaceutical production over other companies, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals earned a reputation of producing drugs without sufficient research of potential side-effects. As a result, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals were I involved in an extremely high-profile U. S. Supreme Court case, titled â€Å"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. This 1993 court case put pressure on the pharmaceutical company to close their doors and sell the company just three years later in 1996. Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller were both born in San Diego, California with visible physical defects.At birth, Daubert was missing three fingers on his right hand and was missing a bone in the lower part of his right arm. Schuller was born without a left hand and a leg which was shorter than the other. In 1993, Daubert and Schuller, along with their parents, elected to sue Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer of the drug Bendectin, an anti-nausea medication both the boysâ €™ mothers were prescribed and consumed during their pregnancies. Bendectin had been already removed from the market in 1983 after numerous claims that the medication ad caused birth defects in children. Despite the claims that the drug had caused birth defects in a number of children, scientific research behind Bendectin showed no evidence that the drug is question produced birth defects in fetuses. The case was taken to a California state court, where it was ultimately moved to a Federal Court following a successful motion of diversity, ultimately meaning if a party in a case is established in a state differing from the state where the trial is being heard, the trial can be upgraded to a federal court.At the federal court trial, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals presented an expert witness, Dr. Lamm, who provided his opinion tht Bendectin has no proven components that are consistent with causing birth defects in humans. Following the expert witness presentation, Merrell Dow Pharmace uticals filed a motion for summary judgment, stating that following their presentation of a certified expert witness that stated Bendectin does not have components which produce birth defects, there was no longer a necessity for continuation of the trial.Schuller and Daubert, however, submitted a total of eight expert witnesses of their own possessing various accreditation and credentials, stating that Bendectin indeed had the potential of causing birth defects in humans. The eight expert witnesses expressed their opinions based upon a scientific study regarding in-vitro and in-vivo techniques during animal studies. During the time in which the case was heard in 1993, in-vitro and in-vivo animal testing was not recognized as a legitimate methodology that had not yet been established as common practice within the scientific community.As a result, the expert witnesses presented by Schuller and Daubert were deemed inadmissible in court, and Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical’s motion fo r summary judgment was approved at the district court level. Daubert then appealed their case to the appellate court at the 9th circuit court of appeals, re-introducing their expert witnesses’ opinion that Bendectin indeed can cause birth defects, backing their opinions with in-vitro and in-vivo research. The 9th circuit court determined that the district court had correctly approved Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical’s motion for summary judgement, using the 1923 U. S.Supreme Court Case Frye v. United States as their basis for their decision. Frye v. Unites States dealt with the inadmissibility of a blood-pressure lie-detection method into court proceedings because it had not yet become â€Å"generally accepted† as a reliable scientific practice. In addition, the 9th circuit stated that it was the court’s opinion that the evidence in which Daubert and Schuller were presenting was designated for litigation, and without their presentation of expert witnesses, Daub ert and Schuller had no sufficient evidence to prove that the Bendectin drug indeed can cause birth defects in humans.The 9th circuit court upheld the U. S. district court’s decision, but filed a motion of certiorari to the U. S. Supreme Court, anticipating the higher court to review their decision on the case, a motion the U. S. Supreme Court ultimately agreed to hear. At the U. S. Supreme Court, the court determined that â€Å"general acceptance† is not a justified precondition of the admission of scientific evidence into court. According to the Federal Rules of Evidence, there is no requirement that specifically stated that scientific evidence has to have a â€Å"general acceptance† in order to be admissible into court.In particular, Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence states that the judge during the trial has the discretion to determine whether or not an expert witnesses’ testimony is based upon a â€Å"reliable foundation† and is  "relevant to the task at hand†. The Supreme Court also determined that any evidence with â€Å"scientifically valid principles† will be sufficient to fulfill the two aforementioned requirements. Ultimately, the U. S. Supreme Court overturned the decision of the 9th circuit court of appeals, and eliminated Frye v.United States from judicial review practices during determination of evidence admissibility. After having the case reintroduced into the lower court, the lower court again sided with Merrell Row Pharmaceuticals, determining that there was no sufficient evidence that the use of in-vitro and in-vivo research methods fulfilled the task-relevancy and reliable foundation requirements. Despite the ruling, the Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, currently known as the Daubert Test, has fully replaced the Frye Test in all evidence admissibility review cases.Overall, the Daubert v. Merrell Row Pharmaceuticals case has played an overwhelmingly significant role in m odern day Criminal Justice and the way court proceedings are carried out. This case is responsible for single-handedly changing the landscape in which evidence is analyzed for admissibility. Prior to this case, evidence admissibility was based around a U. S. Supreme Court case that was decided way back in 1923, 70 years prior to the Daubert case. The Frye Test had simply lost its base in modern day Criminal Justice, and the Daubert Test rovides justices within a court setting to have the overall determination of whether evidence fulfills two simple requirements. As more and more cases are presented into criminal courts, and more technological advances are produced, statutes, laws, and precedents need to change to accommodate for the new technology. In this instance, the Frye Test surrounded a blood-pressure style lie-detection test, technology that was so advanced and profound that it hadn’t even been considered an accepted scientific practice.In modern day, there are even mo re advanced forms of lie-detection software that individuals involved in the Frye v. United States case could not even imagine. There is no question that there needs to be some sort of decisive test to determine what types of evidence should be admitted into court proceedings, and what types of evidence should be excluded. Not all evidence can be included, because there would be no way of determining the credibility of the evidence being introduced into court.It would simply not be fair to a defendant at trial to be incriminated using evidence that isn’t proven to be sufficient, and would not otherwise pass some sort of evidence admissibility test. By using the Daubdert admissibility test, however, it provides judges leading a trial proceeding to have the overall determination of whether or not evidence fulfills the Daubert Test. The Daubert Test states that evidence must both have â€Å"scientifically valid principles† and must be â€Å"relevant to the task at handâ € .This may sound like a productive test for all evidence. I agree that the Daubert Test is indeed a good test, though only to some degree. One of the justices that heard the Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals case at the U. S. Supreme Court level admitted that while he understood his ability to have the overall determination of all evidence admissibility in the case, the magnitude of scientific advancements involved in the case was certainly out of his expertise, as well as the other justices within the U. S. Supreme Court.I do not feel it is right to put evidence admissibility into the hands of justices whom have a expertise in legal practices and the judicial system, rather than bimolecular engineering, pharmaceuticals, or any other scientific field. However, with that said, I do feel that the Daubert Test is certainly a step in the right direction. I firmly believe that the Daubert Test will uphold until another case similar to the Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals c ase will force new improvements into the standards of evidence admissibility. Works Cited Angier, Natalie. Two Pre-decision Articles on the Daubert Case (rules forscientific evidence). † Free Legal Information & Forms | The ‘Lectric Law Library. The New York Times, 2 Jan. 1993. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. lectlaw. com/files/lit03. htm;. Annas, George. â€Å"Legal Issues in Medicine. † Scientific Evidence in the Courtroom — The Death of the Frye Rule. Version 330. Georgetown University, 7 Apr. 1994. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . BRODY, JANE E.. â€Å"SHADOW OF DOUBT WIPES OUT BENDECTIN – NYTimes. com. The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. The New York Times, 19 June 1983. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U. S. 579 (1993).. † LII | LII / Legal Information Institute. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . Mahle, Stephen. â€Å"An Introduction to Daubert v. Merrell Dow. † DaubertEx pert. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. .

Chemical Dependency And Substance Abuse - 1303 Words

Many people have turned to substance abuse or experience chemical dependency for a variety of reasons. Nurses experience chemical dependency as well. According to Kunyk (2013), â€Å"healthcare professionals, including nurses, are also potentially vulnerable to substance use disorders regardless of any special knowledge, skills or insights they might have owing to their education and professional experiences† (p. 54). This paper will define what chemical dependency is, report causes of chemical dependency in nurses, describe behaviors associated with chemical dependency, and explain what needs to be done upon reentry into the work place. First of all, chemical dependency or substance abuse is a more specific term for addiction. Addiction is defined as â€Å"a compulsive and maladaptive dependency on a substance (alcohol, cocaine, opioids) or a behavior (gambling, viewing pornography)† (Kaiser, 2011, p.113), while chemical dependency specifically pertains to the dependency of a substance. Kaiser (2011) states that there are consequences to chemical dependency, whether it be â€Å"psychological, physical, economic, social, or legal† (p. 113). When one overuses substances such as alcohol, opioids, or amphetamines, there is a chance that the body will get used to the chemical effects of the drugs. This can lead to tolerance and eventually withdrawal. 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